What is HEALTH?
According to World health organisation (WHO) (1948) health is defined as.
HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND NOT MERELY AN ABSENCE OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY.
All the organs and systems are functioning properly.
Perfect balance between the environment and body.
Physical health involves all the organs and system of body.
Mental health is state of harmony and balance between individual and surrounding.
Social health is having good job good house etc.
Factors affecting health:-
Physical environmental factors -light, natural disasters etc.
Social environmental factors- job condition, housing condition etc.
Community health refers to public cleanliness- avoid accumulation of garbage etc.
Malnutrition- provide balanced diet otherwise it increases the chances of having disease due to malnutrition.
Bad economic condition- affect the purchasing power increases the chances of bad health.
Personal hygiene- self cleanliness by developing clean habits.
Healthy habits- avoiding the addiction.
Characteristics of good health:
1.Free from sickness and disease.
2.Self confidence ,feeling joy, free from social and physiological tension etc.
3.Free from unnecessary anxiety.
Importance of good health:- This is the ones real wealth.
It contributes his own progress leads to progress of nation etc.
Disease (dis= against ;ease= comfort) Condition which prevents the proper functioning of the organ even at cell level and impairs to health called diseases.
This term disease is employed for individuals and not for societies and communities.
Difference between healthy and disease free:
Types of diseases:-
1. On the basis of disease, diseases are divided into two categories:-
2.On the basis of whether the diseases are caused by certain microorganisms, pathogenic agents or some other non- infectious agent:-
3. On the basis of period of their occurrence the disease are classified into two categories:-
1. Congenital diseases-In borne disease, present from the birth in individual, generally inheritable.
These are:-
(i) Disease caused by gene mutation.
e.g. haemophilia,,colour blindness etc.
(ii) Disease caused by chromosomal mutations.e.g. Down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome.
2. Acquired disease:- Occur only after birth, non inheritable.
These are of two types:-
(i) Communicable disease:- can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.
Caused due to some types of microorganisms so are called infectious disease.
This can be classified on the basis:-
A. Causative agent B. Mode of transmission.
A. Depend on causative agent:-
1. Bacterial disease e.g. tetanus, typhoid etc
2. Viral disease e.g dengue, influenza etc.
3. Protozoan diseasee.g malaria, amoebiasis etc.
4. Helminth disease e.g. taeniasis, elephantiasis etc.
5. Fungal diseases e.g. ringworm, Athlete's foot etc.
6. Rickettsial disease e g. Typhus fever, trench fever etc.
B. Depends on mode of transmission:-
1. Contagious disease:- contagious disease, by actual contact between them. e g. STDs, small pox etc.
2. Non contagious diseases:- spread from an infected individual to a healthy individual by food or water.e.g. Cholera, tuberculosis etc or micro-organism is malaria,filariasis, plague etc.
(ii) Non communicable and Non infectious diseases:-do not spread, caused by internal causes.
These are of four types:-
A. Deficiency disease:- occur due to deficiency of nutrients in the diet or some hormone.e.g Kwashiorkor (protein), diabetes mellitus (insulin) etc.
B. Degenerate diseases:- due to degeneration of certain body tissue .e.g arthritis (of joints).
C. Cancerous diseases:- due to uncontrolled growth and division of cell in certain body tissue leading to tumor formation.
Some caused due to genetic abnormalities.
D. Allergic diseases:- due to hypersensitivity of body to certain external agents, known as allergens. e g. asthma, hay fever etc.
Causes of diseases (ETIOLOGY):- Any particle which causes a disease by its deficiency or excess or absence is known as disease agent.
Types of disease agent:- these are divided into two categories:-
A. Primary immediate causes.
B. Contributory causes.
A. Primary on immediate causes:- first level cause of occurrence of diseases.
These are of five types:-
1. Biological infectious agent:- also called pathogens these are infect the human body and multiply and produce toxins which become causes a disease malaria ,Aids, rabies etc.
2. Chemical agents:- may be endogenous uric, urea acid or exogenous pollutants like gases dust.
3. Nutritive agents:- e.g minerals, carbohydrate etc.
4. Physical agents:- e.g heat (stroke), cold (frost bite) etc.
5. Mechanical agents:- include injuries, fractures, sprains dislocation etc.
Extrinsic factor:- biological agents exogenous chemical agent, nutritive agents and physical agents are extensive factor.
Intrinsic factor:- endogenous chemical agents and genetic mutations are collectively called intrinsic or internal factors.
Disease caused by intrinsic factors are known as organic or metabolic diseases.
B. Contributory causes:- it alone cannot produce symptoms but increase the chances of disease due to primary cause.
It is divided into two categories:-
1. Second level cause:- decrease the disease resistance power of an individual.e.g. poor heredity etc.
2. Third level cause:- responsible for operation of second level cause of disease.e.g. poverty etc.
Means of spread of disease (EPIDEMIOLOGY) (mode of transmission):-
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED FROM AN INFECTED PERSON TO A HEALTHY PERSON.
There are two modes of transmission:-
1. Direct transmission 2. Indirect transmission.
1. Direct transmission:- microorganism are transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.e.g. pneumonia, AIDS, common cold etc .
2. Indirect transmission:- transmitted caused by some intermediate agents e.g influenza, dysentery, Cholera etc.
Manifestation of disease (Disease symptoms):-
Certain abnormal changes in our body cal disease symptoms.
These are of two types:-
1. Organ specific and tissue specific manifestation:- various type of pathogens are affect the specific organ or tissue e.g. encephalities (brain fever).
2. Common manifestation:- these are observed in a number of disease occur due to activation of immune mature cell in response to pathogens.
Principle of treatment (therapy):-
There are two types of treatment:-
1. Symptoms direct treatment:- directed to reduce the effect of the disease.
2. Pathogen direct treatment:- directed to kill the microbes with the help of certain medicinal chemicals.
Prevention of disease (prophylaxis):- To prevent disease is to stop a disease from occurring by taking certain precautions.
General prevention of infectious disease:-
1. Safe drinking water.
2. Proper disposal of waste.
3. Control of vectors.
4. Having a strong immune system.
5. Taking a balance diet.
Specific prevention of infectious disease:-
Immunization:- immunization is stimulating the body to produce antibodies by artificial means.
It is a preparation of weakened and infectious agents on their products that can be injected or given orally to prevent specific diseases.
Vaccine help in the specific prevention of diseases.
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